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Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India: Articles, Appointment, Powers, Functions, Audit Types & Complete Notes The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is one of the most important Constitutional Authorities in India. Known as the "Guardian of Public Purse" , the CAG ensures that public money is spent according to the laws and rules approved by Parliament and State Legislatures. The CAG audits the accounts of the Union Government, State Governments, Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), and other bodies funded by the government. This topic is extremely important for UPSC, SSC, State PCS, Railway, Banking, CDS, CAPF, NDA, and other competitive examinations. Table of Contents Introduction to CAG Constitutional Provisions Appointment of CAG Qualifications Tenure and Salary Removal Process Powers and Functions Audit Types CAG Reports Independence of CAG CAG vs Finance Commission Important Facts for Exams PYQs MCQs FAQs What is the...

Election Commission of India (ECI): Composition, Powers, Functions, Articles, Electoral Process & Complete Notes The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an independent constitutional body responsible for conducting free, fair, and transparent elections in India. It plays a crucial role in preserving democracy by supervising elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President. The Election Commission is one of the most important constitutional bodies in Indian Polity and is frequently asked in UPSC, SSC, State PCS, Railway, Banking, CDS, CAPF, NDA, and other competitive examinations. Table of Contents Introduction to Election Commission Constitutional Provisions Composition of ECI Appointment and Tenure Removal of Election Commissioners Powers and Functions Electoral Process in India Political Party Recognition Model Code of Conduct EVM and VVPAT Election Commission vs UPSC Important Articles Important Facts for ...

High Court in India: Composition, Powers, Jurisdiction, Appointment, Articles & Complete Notes The High Court is the highest judicial authority at the state level in India. It plays a crucial role in protecting the Constitution, safeguarding Fundamental Rights, supervising subordinate courts, and ensuring justice. High Courts are an integral part of India's independent judiciary and frequently appear in UPSC, SSC, State PCS, Railway, Banking, CDS, CAPF, and other competitive examinations. In this comprehensive guide, you will learn about the constitutional provisions, composition, appointment of judges, powers, jurisdiction, writ powers, important articles, comparison with the Supreme Court, previous year questions, MCQs, and exam-oriented revision notes. Table of Contents What is High Court? Constitutional Provisions History of High Courts in India Composition of High Court Appointment of Judges Qualifications of Judges Tenure and Removal Jurisdiction of Hig...

Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Legislative Assembly: Powers, Functions, Removal & Articles The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and plays a crucial role in maintaining order, conducting proceedings, and protecting the privileges of the House. This topic is highly important for UPSC, SSC, State PCS, Railway, Banking, and other competitive examinations. Constitutional Provisions Article 178 – Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Legislative Assembly. Article 179 – Vacation, resignation and removal. Article 180 – Power of Deputy Speaker to act as Speaker. Article 181 – Speaker not to preside while a resolution for removal is under consideration. Who is the Speaker? The Speaker is the presiding officer and highest authority of the Legislative Assembly. He or she conducts the proceedings of the House and ensures discipline during debates. Election of Speaker Elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly. Usually elected du...

State Legislature in India: Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council The State Legislature is the law-making body at the state level in India. It performs functions similar to the Parliament at the Union level. The State Legislature may be unicameral (one house) or bicameral (two houses) depending on the state. This topic is important for UPSC, SSC, State PCS, Railway, Banking, and other competitive examinations. Constitutional Provisions Articles 168 to 212 deal with the State Legislature. Some states have only a Legislative Assembly. Some states have both a Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council. Composition of State Legislature The State Legislature consists of: Governor Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) (in states having bicameral legislature) Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) The Legislative Assembly is the lower house and the directly elected house of the State Legislature. Composition Members ar...